Emotion: The Commander of the Remote Control? A psychophysiological approach to predict decline in TV ratings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2421-454X/11205Keywords:
Arousal, Psychophysiological Measures, Skin Conductance, Television, Viewer RatingsAbstract
Emotional arousal has long been thought vital for maintaining viewers in long-form serial fictions, but the dynamic nature of audience emotional arousal has made it difficult to examine and relate to viewer ratings and channel hopping. This study provides a method for comparing moments of affect with TV ratings during exposure and explores the role of arousal for TV ratings by analyzing the Danish public service fiction series Bankerot (Bankrupt) (2014-2015). The method applied is an innovative mixed-method strategy, combining self-reports, TV ratings and psychophysiological measurements, SCL (Skin Conductance Level). Results indicate a correlation between periods of low emotional arousal and fall in TV ratings, suggesting that viewer engagement is decreased without the presence of emotional peaks, which may cause some viewers to change TV channel. This study was able to find only two considerable declines in ratings, and while this provides limited empirical evidence, it indicates that arousal is likely to play a larger role in maintaining viewer engagement than previously assumed within television studies.
References
Alasuutari, Pertii (1999). Rethinking the Media Audience. London: Sage.
Appel, Marcus and Malečkar, Barbara (2012). “The influence of paratext on narrative persuasion: fact, fiction, or fake?” Human Communication Research 38(4): 459-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01432.x.
Bignell, Jonathan (2012). An Introduction to Television Studies (3rd Ed.). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203134955.
Braithwaite, Jason J. and Derrick G. Watson (2015). Issues surrounding the normalization and standardisation of skin conductance responses (SCRs). Technical Research Note. Selective Attention & Awareness Laboratory (SAAL), Behavioural Brain Sciences Centre, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham.
Breedlove, Marc S. and Neil V. Watson (2013). Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral, Cognitive, and Clinical Neuroscience (7th Ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Busselle, Rick and Helena Bilandzic (2008). “Fictionality and Perceived Realism in Experiencing Stories: A Model of Narrative Comprehension and Engagement.” Communication Theory 18(2): 255–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00322.x.
Citron, Francesca M. M. (2012). “Neural correlates of written emotion word processing: A review of recent electrophysiological and hemodynamic neuroimaging studies.” Brain & Language 122: 211-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.007.
Cline, Victor B., Roger G. Croft and Steven Courrier (1973). “Desensitization of children to television violence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27(3): 360-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034945.
Eysenck, Michael W. and Mark T. Keane (2015). Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook (7th Ed.). London: Psychology Press.
Gazzaniga, Michael S., Richard B. Ivry, George R. Mangun (2014). Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind (4th Ed.). New York: WW Norton & Company.
Gordon, Ross, Joseph Ciorciari and Tom van Laer (2018). “Using EEG to examine the role of attention, working memory, emotion, and imagination in narrative transportation.” European Journal of Marketing 52(1/2): 92-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-12-2016-0881.
Gorton, Kristyn (2009). Media Audiences: Television, Meaning and Emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gorton, Kristyn (2017). Emotions in Contemporary TV Series. London: SAGE Publications.
Green, Melanie C. and Timothy C. Brock (2000). “The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(5): 701-21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.701.
Green, Melanie C. and Timothy C. Brock (2002). “In the mind’s eye: transportation-imagery model of narrative persuasion.” In Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations, edited by Melanie C. Green, Jeffrey J. Strange and Timothy C. Brock, 315-41. Erlbaum: Psychology Press.
Heiselberg, Lene (2016). Seerevaluering af emotionelle oplevelser i fiktionsserier. Ph D thesis. Aalborg: Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Aalborg Universitet.
Jensen, Klaus Bruhn (2002). “The complementarity of qualitative and quantitative methodologies in media and communication research.” In A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies, edited by Klaus Bruhn Jensen, 38-63. London: Routledge.
Jowett, Garth S., Ian C. Jarvie and Kathryn H. Fuller (1996). Children and the Movies: Media Influence and the Payne Fund Controversy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kanjo, Eiman, Luluah Al-Husain and Alan Chamberlain (2015). “Emotions in context: examining pervasive affective sensing systems, applications, and analyses.” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 19: 1197–212.
Kensinger, Elisabeth (2004). “Remembering Emotional Experiences: The Contribution of Valence and Arousal.” Reviews in the Neurosciences 15: 241-51. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVNEURO.2004.15.4.241.
Lang, Annie (1990). “Involuntary Attention and Physical Arousal Evoked by Structural Features and Emotional Content in TV Commercials.” Communication Research 17(3): 275-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365090017003001.
Lang, Annie, Paul D.Bolls, Robert F.Potter, and Karlynn Kawahara (1999). “The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 43(4): 451-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364504.
Lang, Annie, Shuhua Zhou, Nancy Schwartz, Paul D. Bolls and Roberg F. Potter (2000). “The effects of edits on arousal, attention, and memory for television messages: When an edit is an edit can an edit be too much?” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 44(1): 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4401_7.
Martínez, Alejandro and Ana Marta González (2016). “Emotional Culture and TV Narratives.” In Emotions in Contemporary TV Series, edited by Alberto N. García, 13-25. New York: Palgrave McMillan.
Moyer-Gusé, Emily (2008). “Toward a Theory of Entertainment Persuasion: Explaining the Persuasive Effects of Entertainment-Education Messages.” Communication Theory 18(3): 407–25, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00328.x.
Myttom, Graham, Peter Diem and Piet H. van Dam (2016). Media Audience Research: A guide for professionals (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Nelson, Robin (2016). “The Emergence of ‘Affect’ in Contemporary TV Fiction.” In Emotions in Contemporary TV Series, edited by Alberto N. García, 26- 51. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Osborn, D.K. and R.C. Endsley (1971). “Emotional reactions of young children to TV violence.” Child Development 42(1): 321-331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127086.
Phan, K. Luan and Chandra Sripada (2013). “Emotion regulation.” In The Oxford Companion to emotion and the affective sciences, edited by David Sander and Klaus R. Scherer, 6-9. New York: Oxford University Press.
Picard, Rosalind W. and Shaundra Bryant Daily (2005). “Evaluating Affective Interactions: Alternatives to Asking What Users Feel.” CHI Workshop on Evaluating Affective Interfaces: Innovative Approaches, 2119-2122. Portland: ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction.
Potter, Robert and Paul Bolls (2011). Psychophysiological Measurement and Meaning. New York and London: Routledge.
Radway, Janice A. (1984). Reading the Romance. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
Soleymani, Mohammad, Guillaume Chanel, Joep Johannes Maria Kierkels and Thierry Pun (2008). “Affective Ranking of Movie Scenes Using Physiological Signals and Content Analysis.” In MS’08: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM Workshop on Multimedia, edited by Farshad Fotouhi, William I. Grosky and Peter Stanchev. New York: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1460676.1460684.
Zaborowski, Rafal and Frederik Dhaenens (2016). “Old topics, old approaches? ‘Reception’ in television studies and music studies.” Participations 13(1): 446-61.
Zillmann, Dolf (1991). “Television Viewing and Physiological Arousal in Responding to the Screen.” In Reception and Reaction Processes, edited by Bryant Jennings and Dolf Zillmann, 103-34. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
TV series cited
Bankerot (2014-2015)
Mad Men (2007-2015)
Dataset
Vliegenthart, R. (2021): Data for 'Emotion: The Commander of the Remote Control'. University of Amsterdam / Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.21942/uva.14778711.v1.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Lene Heiselberg, Morten Thomsen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.